9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal
By Evan Andrews
On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas was
officially opened in a lavish ceremony at Egypt’s Port Said. The canal took more than 15 years to plan and build, and its construction was repeatedly hindered by political disputes, labor shortages and even a deadly cholera outbreak. When finally completed, the
101-mile-long waterway permanently
transformed international shipping by allowing vessels to skip the long
and treacherous transit around
the southern tip of Africa.
On the 145th anniversary of its
opening, check out nine surprising facts about the canal that links the Eastern and
Western worlds.
Painting
of the Suez Canal by Albert Reiger (Credit: Getty Images)
1. Its origins date back to ancient
Egypt.
The modern Suez Canal is only
the most recent of several manmade waterways that once snaked their way
across Egypt. The Egyptian Pharaoh Senusret III may have built an early canal connecting the Red Sea and the Nile River around 1850 B.C., and according
to ancient sources, the Pharaoh
Necho II and the Persian conqueror Darius both began and then abandoned work on a similar project. The canal was supposedly finished in the 3rd century B.C. during the Ptolemaic Dynasty, and many historical figures including Cleopatra may have traveled on it. Rather than the direct link offered by the modern Suez
Canal, this ancient “Canal
of the Pharaohs” would have
wound its way the through the desert to the Nile River, which was then used
to access the Mediterranean.
2. Napoleon
Bonaparte considered building it.
After conquering Egypt in 1798, the French military
commander Napoleon Bonaparte sent a team of surveyors to investigate the feasibility of cutting the Isthmus of Suez and building a canal from
the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. But following four
separate excursions to the region,
his scouts incorrectly concluded that the Red Sea was
at least 30 feet higher than the Mediterranean. Any attempt to create a canal, they warned, could
result in catastrophic flooding across the Nile Delta.
The surveyors’ faulty calculations were enough to scare Napoleon away from the project,
and plans for a canal stalled until
1847, when a team of researchers
finally confirmed that there was
no serious difference in
altitude between the Mediterranean
and Red Seas.
Ferdinand de Lesseps
3. The British government
was strongly opposed to its construction.
Planning for the Suez Canal officially began in 1854, when a French
former diplomat named
Ferdinand de Lesseps negotiated an agreement with the Egyptian viceroy to form the Suez Canal Company. Since Lesseps’ proposed canal had the support of
the French Emperor Napoleon
III, many British statesmen
considered its construction
a political scheme designed to undermine their dominance of global shipping. The British ambassador to France argued that supporting the canal would be a “suicidal
act,” and when Lesseps tried to sell shares
in the canal company, British papers
labeled the project “a
flagrant robbery gotten up
to despoil the simple people.” Lesseps went on to engage in a public war
of words with British Prime
Minister Lord Palmerston, and even
challenged railway engineer Robert Stephenson to a duel after
he condemned the project in Parliament. The
British Empire continued to criticize
the canal during its
construction, but it later bought a 44 percent stake in the waterway after the cash-strapped Egyptian government auctioned off its shares in 1875.
4. It was built using a combination
of forced peasant labor and state-of-the-art machinery.
Building the Suez Canal required massive manpower, and the Egyptian government initially supplied most of the labor by forcing the poor to work for nominal pay and under threat of violence. Beginning in late-1861, tens of thousands of peasants used picks
and shovels to dig the early portions of the canal by hand. Progress was painfully slow, and the project hit a snag after Egyptian ruler Ismail Pasha abruptly banned the use of forced labor in 1863. Faced with a critical
shortage of workers,
Lesseps and the Suez Canal Company changed their strategy
and began using several hundred custom-made steam- and coal-powered shovels and dredgers to dig the canal. The
new technology gave the project
the boost it needed, and the company went on to make rapid progress during the last two years of construction. Of the 75 million cubic meters of sand eventually moved during the construction of
the main canal, some three-fourths of it was
handled by heavy machinery.
5. The Statue of Liberty was originally intended for the canal.
As the Suez Canal neared completion
in 1869, French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi tried to convince Ferdinand de
Lesseps and the Egyptian government
to let him build a
sculpture called “Egypt Bringing Light to Asia” at its Mediterranean
entrance. Inspired by the ancient
Colossus of Rhodes, Bartholdi envisioned
a 90-foot-tall statue of a woman
clothed in Egyptian peasant robes and holding a massive torch,
which would also serve as a lighthouse to
guide ships into the canal.
The project never materialized, but Bartholdi continued
shopping the idea for his
statue, and in 1886 he finally
unveiled a completed
version in New York Harbor. Officially
called “Liberty Enlightening
the World,” the monument has since become better known
as the Statue of Liberty.
The opening
of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869 (Credit: The Print Collector/Getty Images)
6. Its creator later tried—and
failed—to build the Panama
Canal.
Having silenced his critics by completing the Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps later turned his
attention toward cutting a
canal across the Isthmus of
Panama in Central America. Work
began in 1881, but despite
Lesseps’ prediction that
the new canal would be “easier to make, easier to complete, and easier to keep up” than the Suez, the project eventually descended into chaos. Thousands died during construction in the sweltering, disease-ridden jungle, and the team burned
through nearly $260 million
without ever completing the project. The company finally went belly up in 1889, triggering a massive scandal that saw Lesseps and several others—including Eiffel Tower designer
Gustave Eiffel, who had
been hired to design canal locks—convicted of fraud and conspiracy. It would take another 25 years before the Panama Canal was finally completed
in a decade-long, American-led
construction project.
7. The canal played
a crucial role in a Cold War-era crisis.
In 1956, the Suez Canal was at
the center of a brief war between Egypt and the combined forces of Britain,
France and Israel. The conflict
had its origins
in Britain’s military
occupation of the canal zone, which had continued even
after Egypt gained independence in 1922. Many Egyptians resented the lingering colonial
influence, and tensions finally boiled
over in July 1956, when Egyptian
President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized
the Suez Canal, supposedly to help fund a dam across the Nile River.
In what became known as the Suez Crisis, a combined British, Israeli and
French force launched an attack
on Egypt in October 1956.
The Europeans succeeded in advancing close to the canal, but later
withdrew from Egypt in disgrace following condemnation from the United States and the threat
of nuclear retaliation from the Soviet Union. British Prime Minister
Anthony Eden resigned in the wake
of the scandal, and the Suez Canal was left under
Egyptian control.
Sunken
ships during the 1956 Suez
Canal Crisis (Credit: Fox
Photos/Getty Images)
8. A fleet
of ships was once stranded in the canal for more than
eight years.
During June 1967’s Six Day War between Egypt
and Israel, the Suez Canal was
shut down by the Egyptian government and blocked on either side by mines and scuttled ships. At the time of the closure, 15
international shipping vessels were
moored at the canal’s midpoint at the Great Bitter Lake. They would remain stranded
in the waterway for eight years, eventually earning the nickname the “Yellow Fleet” for the desert sands that
caked their decks. Most of the crewmembers were rotated on and off the stranded vessels on 3-month assignments, but the rest passed the time by forming their own
floating community and hosting sporting and social events. As the years passed, the fleet even developed its own stamps
and internal system of trade.
The 15 marooned ships were finally allowed
to leave the canal in 1975. By then,
only two of the vessels were still
seaworthy enough to make the voyage under their own power.
9. It’s
about to get a major overhaul.
The Suez Canal has enjoyed increased
traffic in recent years, with roughly
50 ships passing through its waters every day. Shipping tolls allow Egypt to rake in around $5 billion annually, but the canal is still hampered by its narrow width
and shallow depth, which are insufficient to accommodate two-way traffic from
modern tanker ships. In August 2014, Egypt’s Suez Canal Authority announced an ambitious plan to deepen the canal and create a new
22-mile lane branching off
the main channel. Preliminary
work has already begun on the $8.5 billion project,
which Egyptian authorities claim could more than double the canal’s annual revenue by 2023.